1
2
  -2022
..  
 
(    )
  :    : 75
:                
-
1. ()        ?       ?
          
(b)   X, Y  Z    :
(8.)16 = ()8=()10 = ()2
2.   :
() ASCII  
()    
-
3. ()       ? C      
 ,          
 
() ''        ?       '' 
     ,         

2
2
4.      :
() ()  ()
()     I/O .
-
5. (a)   ?      ?          ?

(b)       ?    ?     
 ? 
6.      :
()    - 
()   if-else-if .
-
7.   :
()   
()      
 .
8.      :
() --  --
() ,    
     .
3
2
  -2022
..  
 
(    )
  :    : 75
:                
-
1. ()        ?       ?
          
(b)   X, Y  Z    :
(8.)16 = ()8=()10 = ()2
:            
   ,            
             
        ,  -       
             
   ?
                
          ,    
              
         ,      
         
4
2
   
         :
1. :           
2.  :       (, ""  "")  
3.  :           
4.  :             
  
         :

 1
 2
 3
    ?



    ?




 
 
 
 :
1.          ,       
2.               
3.                    

   
:        
     :         
 
           

  ?
 ,              
         ,        
5
2
               
 ,           
  
            :
1. :       
2. :      
3. :     .
4. :          
 
               :
1. 
2.     ? ( )
o :    .
o : .
3.     ? ( )
o : .
o   .
4. 
   :
() --> [    ?] -->  --> [    ?] -->  --> (  )
| |
 -----------------------------> ( )
 --> ( )
  
 :       
-- :         
  :          
 
6
2
      

 


 
/ 
  
   

    
,  

    
 

   

     

  
       
 
     
               ,
        ,      
                
     ,     
  
                , 
         ,         
 ,                ,
      

             
            ,   
                
  ,           ,  , 
 -    
7
2
(b)   X, Y  Z    :
(8.)16 = ()8=()10 = ()2
:(F8F.C)₁₆        
  ,    (F8F.C)₁₆   (X),  (Y)   (Z)
               ,  
    
1.    ?
      ,           
:
 ( 16):16  (0-9  AF)    'A' 10  
, 'B' 11 , 'F' ,  15
 ( 8):8  (0-7)    .
 ( 10):0-9       
 ( 2):    (0  1)   
2.    
     (F8F.C)₁₆       
         
-- :
1.   :
o F8F.C₁₆   (F * 16²) + (8 * 16¹) + (F * 16⁰) + (C * 16⁻¹)   
2.       :
o F () = 15 ()
o 8 () = 8 ()
o F () = 15 ()
o  () = 12 ()
3.     :
o ( * 16²) = 15 * 256 = 3840
o (8 * 16¹) = 8 * 16 = 128
o ( * 16⁰) = 15 * 1 = 15
8
2
o ( * 16⁻¹) = 12 * (1/16) = 0.75
4.   :
o 3840 + 128 + 15 + 0.75 = 3983.75
 , (F8F.C)₁₆ = 3983.75₁₀.
3.    
 ,  (F8F.C)₁₆      
-- :
1.      4-     :
o F () = 1111 ()
o 8 () = 1000 ()
o F () = 1111 ()
o  () = 1100 ()
2.     :
o F8F.C () = 1111 1000 1111.1100 ()
 , (F8F.C)₁₆ = 111110001111.1100₂.
4.    
,        
-- :
1.               :
o 1111 1000 1111.1100    1 111 100 011 111.110 000 (  
  )
2.       :
o 001 () = 1 ()
o 111 () = 7 ()
o 100 () = 4 ()
o 011 () = 3 ()
o 111 () = 7 ()
o 110 () = 6 ()
9
2
o 000 () = 0 ()
3.     :
o 1 747.60 ()
 ,(F8F.C)₁₆ = 1747.6₈.
5.    
 (F8F.C)₁₆  3983.75₁₀   
  111110001111.1100₂   
  1747.6₈   
6.    
       ,      :
        ()      
 ,       (),     ()   
  ()              
        
7.  
          :
(1A3.B)₁₆  ,      :
 :
1A3.B₁₆ = (1 * 16²) + (A * 16¹) + (3 * 16⁰) + (B * 16⁻¹)
1 () = 1 ()
A () = 10 ()
3 () = 3 ()
 () = 11 ()
(1 * 256) + (10 * 16) + (3 * 1) + (11 * 0.0625) = 256 + 160 + 3 + 0.6875 = 419.6875
 :
1A3.B () = 0001 1010 0011.1011 ()
 :
 0001 1010 0011.1011    1 010 001 011.101 100 (   )
10
2
1 211.54 ()

             , 
-            
  -           
 
2.   :
() ASCII  
()    
: () ASCII  
ASCII  ?
ASCII             ,
                 
           -     

  :
   A   ,    ASCII   65    
 ,   a  97      ,   1  49   
  
 ASCII    ?
      ,     ASCII      
                 
       
ASCII    ?
ASCII       7     7   ,  0  1 
128          :
1.    :  (65  90)
2.  :   (97  122)
3. : 0  9 (48  57)
11
2
4.  :!, @, #, $, .
5.  : -      (\n)  (\t).
 ASCII
 , ASCII       ,  8     
256    ,     (, é    )  
  
ASCII   
 ASCII       :
ASCII 
 
65
1000001
66
1000010
97
1100001
48
0110000
36
0100100

ASCII                 ,
  ASCII        
    
    C      ASCII     :
#  <stdio.h>
  () {
 ch = '';
("%c  ASCII  %d\n ", ch, ch);
0  ;
}
12
2
:
A  ASCII  65 
()    
  ?
  --             
                  
         --    ,  
              
  
       :
1.  
2.  .
3.  
4. .
5.   
             
 ,  ,        ,     
           
    
      ,     :
1. 
o               
     
o :       ,     
    
2. 
o             ,   
    
o :     , " "    
      
13
2
3. 
o             
  ,        
o :           ( ) 
 
4. 
o               
    
o :     ,    
5. 
o                
o :             

6. 
o             
    
o :            
 ,   2  3     

            A   B   :
1.     ()  
2.   ()      
3.    ()    
4.      ,            
     
   
                
 :
:
1. 
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2
2.    : a, b,  c.
3. a   b  c  
o  a > b  a > c,  a   
4. b   c  
o  b > c,  b  
5. , c   .
6. 
 :
#  <stdio.h>
  () {
int , , ;
 ("   :");
("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);
 (a > b && a > c) {
("   %d\n ", a);
}   (b > c) {
("   %d\n ", b);
}  {
("   %d\n ", c);
}
0  ;
}
 :   3 7 5 ,   :    7 

ASCII             
      
15
2
       --  ,    
        
       ,        
      !
-
3. ()       ? C      
 ,          
 
() ''        ?       '' 
     ,         

:     
 ,             
           ,   
            -,  
   (         )       
        : 3 + 5 * 2  ,  (*)   
   (+)        , C ,  
            
  
    
              
  :
1.  
2.  () 
3.  
4.  
5.  
6.    
16
2
7.  () 
8.  
9.   
10.  
11.  
    
 C     -   (  )    
 
1.   
 ( ):           
     
o :
int result = (3 + 5) * 2; //  3  5   ,  2    
2.  
: + ( ), - ( ), ! ( ), ~ ( ), ++
(), -- (), & (-), * (), 
:   
:
o   (-):    
o / (++, --):1   
:       .
:     .
:
int x = 5;
int y = ++x; // : x 6   ,  y  6   
int z = x--; // : z  6   ,  x 5   
3.  
:* (), / (), % ()
17
2
:  
:
int  = 10 * 2 / 5; //       (10 * 2) / 5 = 4
4.  
: + (), - ()
:   
:
int result = 10 + 5 - 3; // (10 + 5) - 3 = 12      
5.  
:<< ( ), >> ( )
:  
:           
:
int result = 8 << 1; // 
 8  1       16 
6.  
: <, <=, >, >=
:   
:
int isSmaller = 5 < 10; // 1 ()      5, 10   
7.  
:== (), != ( )
:  
:
int isEqual = (5 == 5); // 1     ()
int isNotEqual = (5 != 3); // 1     ()
8.  AND
:
18
2
:  
:
int result = 5 & 3; //  AND   ,  1 
9.  XOR  OR
: ^ (), | ()
:  
:
int  = 5 ^ 3; // XOR: 5 (101) ^ 3 (011) = 6 (110)
10.  AND  OR
:&& (), || ()
:  
:
o &&:     
o ||:        
:
int  = (5 > 3) && (10 > 5); //  &&  = 1
11.   ()
: ? :
: --
if-else : if-else   
:
int max = (5 > 3) ? 5 : 3; //  5 > 3  ,   5    ,  3
12.  
: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, <<=, >>=, &=, ^=, |=
: --
:           
:
19
2
int x = 5;
x += 3; // x = x + 3;  x = 8 
13.  
: ,
:  
:           
:
int , ;
x = (y = 3, y + 2); // y = 3,  x = y + 2 = 5
    
1.             

2.        ,        
 
     :
int  = 10 + 5 * 2 > 15 && 20 / 5 == 4;
-- :
1.    (/):
o 5 * 2 = 10
o 20 / 5 = 4
2.  (+):
o 10 + 10 = 20
3.  (>, ==):
o 20 > 15 = 1 ()
o 4 == 4 = 1 ()
4.  AND (&&):
20
2
o 1 && 1 = 1
 :1 ().

              
  ,            
                , 
         ( )    -    
  ,          
(ii) ''        ?
    "C"        "C"    
  "B"               "B"
  BCPL (   )     ,  
       
   1970        C     
           ,     
        C        
          ,   -
       
""  ""               
  
   
      ,        :
1.  (1966):          
    BCPL   
2.   (1969):       ""  , 
    -7        
3.   (1972):            
      ,     
  ,  (      )    
  -            
21
2
    
                  -
         ,  ()   ( )  
  -- 
1.    
            :
#include <stdio.h> //  
int main() { //  
//  
int ;
// 
 = 5;
("num   : %d", num);
return 0; //  
}
   :
2.   
1.  
     #             
     
o :#include <stdio.h>   /   , 
 printf()  scanf()         
                  ,
  C        
2.   (int main())
o          C    main()  

22
2
o           ()   
3.  
o          
o :int num; int ()   num     
o               ,   
,          
4.   
o            
o :num = 5;  num   5   .
o   : printf("num   : %d", num);   num  
 
5.   ( 0;)
o             (  0)
   
o         , "     
 !"
    
            
     
            ,    (,  , ,
)       , C  , #include    
      
#include <stdio.h>  ,       printf()   
  
   
             (, , )  C ,
                  
   (,    int,    float,    char)
:
int age = 25; // 'age'       25   
23
2

           (, )    
   C , main()     ,      
  ( )   
:
() {
(", !");
}
 
         ---    
:
 ( >= 18) {
("     ");
}  {
("      ");
}

     ,            
:
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
printf("%d\n", i); //  1  5    
}

               

:
//  -  .
/*   -  .*/
  
24
2
         :
#include <stdio.h> //   
int main() { //  
int num; //   
 ("   :");
scanf("%d", &num); //   
 ( % 2 == 0) { //       
printf("%d    .\n", num);
}  {
printf("%d    .\n", num);
}
return 0; //  
}

  ,  ,         
  ,            
C        ,       
        --   
25
2
4.      :
() ()  ()
()     I/O .
: printf()  scanf()   

C   / (I/O)         ,
printf()  scanf()           
            C  stdio.h (
/ )         ,    
           
(a) printf()  scanf()   

()
()

printf()     
     
scanf()    
     
  
     
  ( )
      
  ( )
 
    .
    .

(" ",  );
scanf(" ", &);


      
   : %d,
%f, %c, %s.
      
    :
%d, %f, %c, %s.


     
    
      
 .
 (&) 

     
.
  (  ) 
      
26
2
printf()   
1. printf()  :
o printf()     ()    ()   
 
o           
2. :
(" ",  );
o         %d (), %f ( ),
%c (), %s (),   
o           
:
3. #  <stdio.h>
4.   
() {
5. int  = 20;
6.   = 85.5;
7.  = '';
8.
9. printf(": %d\n", ); //     
10. printf("Marks: %.2f\n", marks); // 2  
      
11. printf(": %c\n", ); //     
12.
13. 0  ;
}
:
: 20
: 85.50

27
2
o   (%d, %.2f, %c)        
14.  :
o  printf()     & ()      
o \n              
o             
  
scanf()   
1. scanf()  :
o ()            
   
o         
2. :
scanf(" ", &);
o          (  , %d, %f, %c,
%s).
o &variables            &
()             
3. :
4. #  <stdio.h>
5.   () {
6. int ;
7.   ;
8.  ;
9.
10. ("   :");
11. scanf("%d", &age); //     
12.
13. ("   :");
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2
14. scanf("%f", &marks); //    
15.
16. ("   :");
17. scanf(" %c", &grade); //     
18.
19. ("  : \n");
20. (": %d\n", );
21. (": %.2f\n", );
22. (": %c\n", );
23.
24. 0  ;
}
:
   : 20
   : 85.5
   : A
:
  :
: 20
: 85.50

25.  :
o  scanf()      &       
         
o   &           
o    , %c (" %c")        
          
29
2
()     I/O    
      / (I/O)     :
1.  I/O 
2.  I/O 

 I/O 
 I/O 

      
/    
    
    
   
/ 

()  ()
getchar(), putchar(),   (),
puts()
 
       
  .
     , 
 --  
/  

 

, %d, %f, %c, %s  
 
    
  

   .
  .
 I/O 
 I/O    %d, %f, %c, %s      
           
:
    printf()
    scanf()
:
  (, , , )         
 
-          (  , 
    %.2f).
30
2
:
#  <stdio.h>
  
() {
int ;
 ("   :");
("%d", &a);
("  : %d\n", a);
0  ;
}
 I/O 
 I/O ,      ,      
 
:
getchar()     
      putchar()
      gets()
     puts()
:
 /      
:
#  <stdio.h>
  
() {
 ;
 ("   :");
ch = getchar(); //    
("  : ");
putchar(ch); //     
0  ;
31
2
}
:
:
  : A

:
printf()          ,  scanf() 
       
 I/O  (printf, scanf) /      
    ,   I/O  (`
-
5. (a)   ?      ?          ?

(b)       ?    ?     
 ? 
:   ?
                   
                  
 ( )      ,          
    ,        
  ,          (,  ,  , ) 
                -
   ,            

  :
     5      ,    :
int  1,  2,  3,  4,  5;
32
2
         :
int marks[5]; // 5        .
    ?
1.   :            
2.  :          
3.  :         ,     
  
C     arrays :
1. -  (1D )
2. -  (2D )
       
1. - 
1D          ,        
               
1D   
C  1D    ,      :
_ array_name[];
 :          (, int, float,
char).
_:        .
:       ( )  .
:
int numbers[5]; // 5      .
:
int           
numbers    .
[5]      5      .
33
2
1D     
           
  0   .
 ,     0 ,     1 ,     
   :
#  <stdio.h>
  () {
int numbers[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; //    
//       
(" : %d\n", [0]);
(" : %d\n",  [1]);
(" : %d\n", [2]);
(" : %d\n",  [3]);
(" : %d\n", [4]);
0  ;
}
:
 :10
 :20
 :30
 :40
 :50
1D       
   -     ,        
  
#  <stdio.h>
34
2
  () {
int marks[5] = {85, 90, 78, 92, 88}; // 5   
//         
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
(" %d: %d\n", i + 1, [i]);
}
0  ;
}
1D     
:
1. 1D          
2.          
3.   0    .
2. - 
2D               
                  
      
2D   
C  2D    ,      :
_ array_name[][];
:    .
:    .
:
int [2][3]; // 2   3     2D  
:
int           
    .
35
2
[2][3]     2   3  .
2D   
 2D        :
int [2][3] = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6} };
   :
 1 → 1, 2, 3
 2 → 4, 5, 6
2D     
    ,       :
      
      
:
#  <stdio.h>
  () {
int [2][3] = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6} };
//      
(" ,  : %d\n", [0][1]); // : 2
(" ,  : %d\n", [1][2]); // : 6
0  ;
}
2D       
2D         ,   (    ) 
   :
#  <stdio.h>
  () {
int [2][3] = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6} };
36
2
// 2D       
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) { //   
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) { //    
("%d ", [i][j]);
}
printf("\n"); //         
}
0  ;
}
:
1 2 3
4 5 6
 
 
1. :        .
2. 1 :        (  ).
3. 2 :          (  )
4. :         (0   )
5. :            
:
  -    -    ,      
        ,      ,
        
        ,      , 
        
37
2
(ii)     ?
  ,                   (\0)
                
        ,          
  -  ()            :
 ""  
 "   "   
 ,       -      ,    
                   
    
  :
char myString[] = "";
:
char        
myString    .
""       ,      \0  
C       
    "Hello"    ,       :

0
1
2
3
4
5





0
 (0, 1, 2, )    
          \0     
   
        , C      
              string.h 
    
38
2
   ,       :
1. strlen():       
strlen()     (  \0     )   
:
int strlen( * );
:
#  <stdio.h>
#  <.h>
  () {
char str[] = "";
("   : %d", strlen(str));
0  ;
}
:

   : 5
,          
2. strcpy():    
strcpy()          
:
char *strcpy(char *, const char *);
:
#  <stdio.h>
#  <.h>
  () {
char [] = "";
 [20];
39
2
strcpy(destination, source); // "Hello"      
("   : %s", );
0  ;
}
:
   : 
3. strcat():     ()   
strcat()                 
:
char *strcat(char *, const char *);
:
#  <stdio.h>
#  <.h>
  () {
char str1[20] = " ";
char str2[] = "!"
strcat(str1, str2); // str2  str1   
(" : %s", str1);
0  ;
}
:
 :  !
4. strcmp():      
strcmp()             :
0    ,
       ,
40
2
       .
:
int strcmp(const char *str1, const char *str2);
:
#  <stdio.h>
#  <.h>
  () {
char str1[] = "";
char str2[] = "";
int  = strcmp(str1, str2);
 ( == 0)
("  ");

("   ");
0  ;
}
:
   .
5. ():  
strrev()               , 
  
:
#  <stdio.h>
#  <.h>
41
2
  () {
char str[] = "";
str( );
(" : %s", str);
0  ;
}
:
 : olleH
C       
                  
     
:
                  
      
          :
 :
#  <stdio.h>
  () {
//   
 [5][20] = {
"",
"",
"",
"",
" "
};
//     
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2
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
(" %d: %s\n", i + 1, [i]);
}
0  ;
}
:
1.  [5][20]   :
o   5 
o     19  + 1       
2.           
3.      -    
:
 1: 
 2: 
 3: 
 4: 
 5: 
         
              
 \0            
,                  
     (   )    
 :
 =      (  ).
   =       (   2D )
43
2

  :
1. ,   \0        
2.    strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(),  strcmp()     
,  ,  ,         
3.              ,  
         
6.      :
()    - 
()   if-else-if .
:   :
()     -
   -              , 
                
     
1.  
  :
o         
o    ,       
o   -  
:
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
("i  : %d\n", i);
}
:
o  i  1      
44
2
o      i <= 5   ,       
o    ,  i  1            
      
 - :
o ,     ,          

o           
o   -  
:
int i = 1;
 {
("i  : %d\n", i);
++;
}  (i <= 5);
:
o         i    
o            i <= 5
o                ,
      
2.  

  
 - 
  
     .
    .


    (   
 ).
       .
45
2

  
 - 

      
    
          
     
3. 
  :             
          ,      
   (   )
 -                 
               !
4.    
     :
  :               
    ,    
 - :      ,        
                  
(        !)
5.    
                 ( 1
 10  )
                  ,
     (  ,      
    )
()   -- 
  if-else-if              
     ,   -         
  
1.  
 :
46
2
o                
    
o              
:
int  = 3;
 () {
 1:
("\n");
;
 2:
("\n");
;
 3:
("\n");
;
 :
(" \n");
}
:
o         
o   3    ,   ""  
o              
     
-- :
o             

o        ,    
47
2
:
int  = 85;
 ( >= 90) {
(": A\n");
}    75    {
(": B\n");
}    50    {
(": C\n");
}  {
(": F\n");
}
:
o   -    
o  marks >= 75  ,   "Grade: B"        
2.  

 
-- 
 
      

    

   .
    .
 
     
 
       else 
 
 
     ( ).
     (-
 )
48
2
3. 
             (,  
 1,    2),           (  
     )
--             
  ("  "),       - 
  
4.    
   
        :
 :             (, 
   0-5 ,     5-10 ,    10+ )
--           
  ,  ,           
5.    
          (,   ,  ) 
   
      (,   ,    ) 
      if-else-if   
 

  
 - 
 
-- 
 

  .
  .
   
 .
  
  



,   
 .
  
  .
   

 


.
   
 .
   
.
 .
49
2
-
7.   :
()   
()      
 .
:  ,     ,    
           ,   
           ,    
,             , 
     
()   
1.   ?
                 
     ,          , 
          ,        
 ,  ,   
:
             :
 ( ),
 (), 
   ().
              :
  {
 [50];
 ;
int ;
};
,   ,              
           :
50
2
 ;
    = 350.50;
 . = 200;
strcpy(myBook.title, "  ");
2.   ?
              ,   
 :               
   ,               
          -     
          ,        
  
:
             ,      ,
           :
  {
;
 ;
 ;
};
,        :
  ;
myData.i = 10; //    
(": %d\n", myData.i);
myData.f = 20.5; //    (    )
(": %.2f\n", myData.f);
 myData.f    ,   myData.i         
                 
           ,    
51
2
      :



 
      
     

      
 
        


      
      
       
        
 
()      
     ,         ,    
            
1.   :
                  
             :
(i)  :
        
        
        ;       
:
int globalVar = 10; //  
func1() {
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(" : %d\n", globalVar);
}
func2() {
 += 5;
("    : %d\n", globalVar);
}
(ii)  :
           
          
            ;     
 
:
() {
int localVar = 20; //  
(" : %d\n", localVar);
}
// localVar          .
(iii)  :
   , if            
      
:
 (1) {
int blockVar = 30; // - 
(" : %d\n", );
}
// blockVar  'if'        .
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2.   :
                 
 
(i)  :
          
          
static       .
:
 () {
 int  = 0; //  
++;
(": %d\n", );
}
(ii)  :
                
    
      
:
 () {
int temp = 5; //  
(" : %d\n", );
}
() 
1.   ?
                   
                
    
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           ,    
   ,   ,     ,   
  
2.    :
      :
1.  :         ,    
   ,    
2.  :            
3.   :
(i)   :
  n   n           
  , 5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1.
 :
int (int n) {
 (n == 0) //  
1  ;

return n * (n - 1); //  
}
     :
1. (5) (4)   
2. (4) (3)    ,     
3.  (0)    ,   1 
4.       ,      
(ii)  :
              : 0, 1, 1, 2,
3, 5, 8...
 :
int (int n) {
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 (n == 0) //  
0  ;
  (n == 1) //  
1  ;

 (n - 1) + (n - 2); // 
}
   :
            :
1.  ,      ( )
2. ,    ( )          
     
  :
     .
            
:
-            
        
  ,            
              
 
8.      :
() --  --
() ,    
     .
: --  --   
56
2
--:
1. :  ,            
             
2.            ( ) 
        ()    
  ,   
3. :
o        
o            
o         ,    
  
4. :
 (int x) {
x = x + 10; //      
}
  () {
int  = 5;
  (); //    5  
0  ;
}
, num         ,     
--:
1. :  ,            
        
2.      :          
( )         ,       
   
3. :
o       .
57
2
o           
o  ,       
4. :
 (int & x) {
x = x + 10; //      
}
  () {
int  = 5;
  (); //    15   
0  ;
}
, num       ,       
,    
 :
1. :               
                
  
2.      :          
         
3. :
o       .
o         .
o          (   
        )
4. :
() {
int x = 10; //  
++;
58
2
("%d", x); // : 11
}
 :
1. :   ,             
             
2.      :       , 
            
3. :
o extern       .
o       
o          
4. :
int x = 10; //  
() {
++;
("%d", x); // : 11
}
  () {
();
0  ;
}
 :
1. :             
              
2.      :         
     (    ),  ( )     
       
59
2
3. :
o static       .
o        
o         
4. :
() {
 int x = 10; //  
++;
("%d", x);
}
  () {
(); // : 11
(); // : 12
0  ;
}
    x      
-    
- :
1. :               
2.      :          
                ,  
      
3. :
o            

o      .
o            
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2
4. :
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b; //     
}
  () {
int  = add(5, 10); // : 15
0  ;
}
 :
1. :   / ,    
            
2.               - 
       ;      
3. :
o       .
o                
o        (  , C  #include
<stdio.h>).
4. :
#  <math.h>
  () {
double result = sqrt(25); //       
0  ;
}
, sqrt            
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2
 :
1. --  --:
o --           
o --      
2.  :
o        .
o           
o          
3. -   :
o -         
o              

    ,            
            
:             ( )       
       ,              